Chapter 11: Unit 18. Summary
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Alkanes and cycloalkanes
Physical Properties
Solubility
- Insoluble in water
- Soluble in nonpolar solvents
Density
- Less dense than water
- Float on top of water
Boiling Points
- Increase as carbon-chain length increases
- Decrease in degree of branching
Chemical Properties
Combustion
- All alkanes and cycloalkanes are flammable
- Combustion products are CO2 and H2O
Halogenation
- Hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms (a substitution reaction)
- Requires the presence of heat or light
Four-carbon alkanes
(Two isomers)
-
Butane
-
2-Methylpropane
Four-carbon alkanes
(Three isomers)
-
1-Butane
-
2-Butane
-
2-Methylpropane
Four-carbon alkanes
(Two isomers)
-
Pentene
-
2-Methylbutene
-
2,2 Dimethylpropane
Four-carbon alkanes
(Three isomers)
-
1-Pentene
-
2-Pentene
-
2-Methyl-1-butene
-
2-Methyl-2-butene
-
3-Methyl-1-butene
Alkene
Combustion
- Products are CO2 and H2O
- Does not involve the process of addition
Addition
- addition of a small symmetrical molecule
- addition of a small unsymmetrical molecule
Polymerization
- Alkene molecules undergo an addition reaction with one another.
- Specific catalysts are needed
H2 Hydrogenation
Alkane
Br2 or CI2 Halogenation
Dihaloalkane
HBr or HCL Hydrohalogenation
Monohaloalkane
H2O (H-OH) Hydration
Alcohol*
Iupac nomenclature system
- Each compound has a unique name that not only identifies it but also contains sufficient information
for its structural to be drawn.
parent name
- Longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- Longest ring of carbon atoms
prefixes
- Name of substituens (alkyl group)
- Number of each type of substituent present (di-, tri-, etc.)
Locants
- Numbers giving locations of substituent on the carbon chain or ring
- Numbers giving locations of carbon-carbon multiple bonds on the carbon chain or ring
Suffixes
- -ane for alkanes and cycloalkanes
- -ene for alkanes and cycloalkanes
- -yne for alkanes and cycloalkanes
3,3-dimethyl-1 heptyne
- locants
- numerical prefix
- substituent prefix
- locant
- parent name
- suffix
unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
- Functional Group
- IUPAC Suffix
- Chemical Reactions
Alkenes
- Functional Group
- IUPAC Suffix
- Chemical Reactions
Aromatics
- Functional Group
- IUPAC Suffix
- Chemical Reactions