CHEM 1152

MODULE 10: INTRO TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
7 Topics | 1 Quiz
Chapter 10: Unit 1. Introduction
Chapter 10: Unit 2. Features of Organic Compounds
Chapter 10: Unit 3. Functional Groups
Chapter 10: Unit 4. Isomerism
Chapter 10: Unit 5. Nomenclature
Chapter 10: Unit 6. Properties of organic compounds
Chapter 10: Unit 7. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 10
MODULE 11: HYDROCARBONS
18 Topics | 11 Quizzes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 1. Definition: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 2. Structures and Nomenclature: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 2
CHAPTER 11: Unit 3. Shapes & Isomerism: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 3
CHAPTER 11: Unit 4. Natural Resources: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 5. Physical properties: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 5
CHAPTER 11: Unit 6. Chemical Reactions: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 6
CHAPTER 11: Unit 7. Haloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 8. Definition: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 8
CHAPTER 11: Unit 9. Nomenclature & Isomerism: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 9
CHAPTER 11: Unit 10. Shapes & Isomerism: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 10
CHAPTER 11: Unit 11. Physical properties: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 11
CHAPTER 11: Unit 12. Preparation of Alkene and Alkynes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 13. Chemical Reactions: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 13
CHAPTER 11: Unit 14. Definition: Aromatic Compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 15. Structures & Nomenclature: Aromatic compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 16. Chemical Reactions: Aromatic Compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 17. Applications
Practice Quiz: Module 11: Unit 17
Chapter 11: Unit 18. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 11
MODULE 12: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, THIOLS
7 Topics | 7 Quizzes
CHAPTER 12: Unit 1. Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 1
CHAPTER 12: Unit 2. Structures and shapes
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 2
CHAPTER 12: Unit 3. Nomenclature
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 3
CHAPTER 12: Unit 4. Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 4
CHAPTER 12: Unit 5. Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 5
CHAPTER 12: Unit 6. Commonly used Alcohols & Ethers
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 6
Module 12: Unit 7 Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 12
MODULE 13: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
7 Topics | 6 Quizzes
CHAPTER 13: Unit 1. Definition: Functional group of aldehydes and ketones
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 1
CHAPTER 13: Unit 2. Nomenclature
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 2
CHAPTER 13: Unit 3. Structures and isomerism
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 3
CHAPTER 13: Unit 4. Physical properties
CHAPTER 13: Unit 5. Preparation of Aldehyde & Ketone
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 5
CHAPTER 13: Unit 6. Chemical reactions of Aldehyde & Ketone
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 6
CHAPTER 13: Unit 7. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 13
MODULE 14: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & ESTERS
9 Topics | 1 Quiz
CHAPTER 14: Unit 1. Definition
CHAPTER 14: Unit 2. Nomenclature and Classification
CHAPTER 14: Unit 3. Preparation of carboxylic Acids
CHAPTER 14: Unit 4. Physical Properties of carboxylic Acids
CHAPTER 14: Unit 5. Chemical reactions
CHAPTER 14: Unit 6. Nomenclature of Esters
CHAPTER 14: Unit 7.Chemical Reactions of esters
CHAPTER 14: Unit 8.Acid chlorides and Acid anhydrides
CHAPTER 14: Unit 9. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 14
MODULE 15: CHIRALITY & CHIRAL MOLECULES
6 Topics | 1 Quiz
CHAPTER 15: Unit 1. Chirality: Structures & Nomenclature
CHAPTER 15: Unit 2. Chirality: History and development of Stereoisomerism
CHAPTER 15: Unit 3. Different types of Stereoisomers
CHAPTER 15: Unit 4. Physical Property: Detection and optical property
CHAPTER 15: Unit 5. Application: Significance of Chirality in the biological world
CHAPTER 15. Unit 6. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 15
MODULE 16: CARBOHYDRATES
9 Topics | 6 Quizzes
CHAPTER 16: Unit 1. Carbohydrates Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 1
Module 16: Unit 2. Carbohydrates Types and Naming
CHAPTER 16: Unit 3.Carbohydrates Physical Properties
CHAPTER 16: Unit 4. Carbohydrates as Chiral Molecules
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 4
CHAPTER 16: Unit 5. Fischer Projection of Monosaccharides
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 5
CHAPTER 16: Unit 6. Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 6
Module 16: Unit 7: Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
CHAPTER 16: Unit 8. Carbohydrates in Our Food
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 8
CHAPTER 16: Unit 9. Carbohydrates Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 16
MODULE 17: LIPIDS
7 Topics | 2 Quizzes
CHAPTER 17: Unit 1.Lipids Definition and Function
CHAPTER 17: Unit 2. Lipids Types
Practice Quiz: Module 17 Unit 2
CHAPTER 17: Unit 3. Essentials Fatty Acids
CHAPTER 17: Unit 4. Lipids Physical Properties
CHAPTER 17: Unit 5. Chemical Reactions of Lipids (Triglycerides)
CHAPTER 17: Unit 6. Lipids Role in Health and Food
CHAPTER 17: Unit 7. Lipids Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 17
MODULE 18: AMINES & AMIDES
7 Topics | 5 Quizzes
CHAPTER 18: Unit 1. Amines and Amides Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 1
CHAPTER 18: Unit 2. Amines and Amides Types and Naming
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 2
CHAPTER 18: Unit 3. Amines and Amides Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 3
CHAPTER 18: Unit 4. Amines and Amides Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 4
CHAPTER 18: Unit 5. Amines in Plants: Alkaloids
CHAPTER 18: Unit 6. Amines in Humans: Neurotransmitters
CHAPTER 18: Unit 7. Amines Applications
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 18
MODULE 19: AMINO ACIDS & PROTEINS
9 Topics | 8 Quizzes
CHAPTER 19: Unit 1. Amino Acids and Proteins Definition, Types and Functions
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 1
CHAPTER 19: Unit 2. Types of Proteins: Primary Structure
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 2
CHAPTER 19: Unit 3. Types of Proteins: Secondary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 3
CHAPTER 19: Unit 4. Types of Proteins: Tertiary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 4
CHAPTER 19: Unit 5. Types of Proteins: Quaternary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 5
CHAPTER 19: Unit 6 . Amino Acids Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 6
CHAPTER 19: Unit 7. Amino Acids and Proteins Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 7
CHAPTER 19: Unit 8. Amino Acids and Proteins Denaturation
CHAPTER 19: Unit 9. Amino Acids and Proteins Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 19
MODULE 20: ENZYMES & VITAMINS
9 Topics
CHAPTER 20: Unit 1. Enzymes and Vitamins Definition
CHAPTER 20: Unit 2. Active Sites at the Enzymes
CHAPTER 20: Unit 3. Enzyme – Catalyzed Reactions
CHAPTER 20: Unit 4. Enzyme Actions Models
CHAPTER 20: Unit 5. Classification of Enzymes
CHAPTER 20: Unit 6. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
CHAPTER 20: Unit 7. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
CHAPTER 20: Unit 8. Enzyme Inhibition
CHAPTER 20: Unit 9. Enzyme and Cofactors and Vitamins
MODULE 21: NUCELIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
8 Topics
CHAPTER 21: Unit 1. NUCLEIC ACID: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 21: Unit 2. Composition of Nucleic Acids
CHAPTER 21: Unit 3. THE STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA
CHAPTER 21: Unit 5. Genes
CHAPTER 21: Unit 6. DNA Replication
CHAPTER 21: Unit 7. Structure and Function of RNA
CHAPTER 21: Unit 8. DNA Leads to RNA and Protein
CHAPTER 21: Unit 9. Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
MODULE 22: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR CARBOHYDRATES
9 Topics
CHAPTER 22: Unit 1. Metabolic Pathways Introduction
CHAPTER 22: Unit 2. Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
CHAPTER 22: Unit 3. Carbohydrate Metabolism
CHAPTER 22: Unit 4. Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
CHAPTER 22: Unit 5. Pathways for Pyruvate
CHAPTER 22: Unit 6. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
CHAPTER 22: Unit 7. Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
CHAPTER 22: Unit 8. Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
CHAPTER 22: Unit 9. A Human Perspective: Glycogen Storage Diseases-3
MODULE 23: METABOLISM & ENERGY PRODUCTION
5 Topics
CHAPTER 23: Unit 1. The Citric Acid Cycle
CHAPTER 23: Unit 2. Electron Transport and ATP
CHAPTER 23: Unit 3. ATP Energy from Glucose
CHAPTER 23: Unit 4. Co-enzymes in Metabolism
CHAPTER 23: Unit 5. Focus on Health and Medicine: Hydrogen cyanide
MODULE 24: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR LIPIDS & AMINO ACIDS
16 Topics | 1 Quiz
Module 24: Unit 1. Triacylglycerols (Fats) Digestion
CHAPTER 24: Unit 2. Glycerol Metabolism
Module 24: Unit 3. Fatty Acids Oxidation
Module 24: Unit 4. Fatty Acids Oxidation
Module 24: Unit 6. Beta (β) Oxidation Reactions Cycle
Module 24: Unit 7. Fatty Acid Chain Length Determines Cycle Redundancy
Module 24: Unit 8. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Oxidation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 9. Fatty Acids and ATP Oxidation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 10. Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
CHAPTER 24: Unit 5. Transport of Fatty Acids Acyl CoA into Mitochondria
CHAPTER 24: Unit 11. Fatty Acids Synthesis
CHAPTER 24: Unit 12. Fatty Acids Synthesis Cycle Redundancy
CHAPTER 24: Unit 13. Amino Acids and Proteins Degradation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 14. Urea Cycle
CHAPTER 24: Unit 15. Carbon Atoms Skeleton from Amino Acids Transamination
CHAPTER 24: Unit 16. Pathways of Amino Acids Synthesis
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 24
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CHAPTER 24: Unit 11. Fatty Acids Synthesis

CHEM 1152 MODULE 24: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR LIPIDS & AMINO ACIDS CHAPTER 24: Unit 11. Fatty Acids Synthesis
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In the process of lipogenesis, the fatty acids are formed by several addition (condensation) reaction of thetwo – carbon acetyl units up to 16 carbon atoms.Fatty acids oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and it utilizes the oxidizing enzymes FAD and NAD+ while the fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol and utilizes the reduced enzyme NADPH.The fatty acids synthesis is shown below:
Reference: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_and_Easy_(Ahern_and_Rajagopal)/06%3A_Metabolism_I_-_Oxidative%2F%2FReductive_Processes/6.12%3A_Fatty_Acid_Synthesis
Note that ACP stands for Acyl Carrier Protein is used to activate acetyl groups. HS-ACP has a thiol group and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) groups in the coenzyme A. These groups are attached to the protein chain skeleton rather than to the adenosine group.Coenzyme A:
Reference: https://www.lipidhome.co.uk/lipids/simple/coA/index.htm
Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/acyl-carrier-protein
The preparation of acyl and acetyl activated groups can be utilized through the reactions discussed below:

Reference: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5840252/
Synthesis of Fatty acid (palmitic acid):
The synthesis undergoes 4 reactions steps shown in the figure below:CondensationReductionDehydrationReduction
Reference: https://dennisnderitu.wordpress.com/2016/07/14/fatty-acid-synthesis-activation-steps-and-control/

The videos below illustrate the fatty acids synthesis:

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