CHEM 1152

MODULE 10: INTRO TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
7 Topics | 1 Quiz
Chapter 10: Unit 1. Introduction
Chapter 10: Unit 2. Features of Organic Compounds
Chapter 10: Unit 3. Functional Groups
Chapter 10: Unit 4. Isomerism
Chapter 10: Unit 5. Nomenclature
Chapter 10: Unit 6. Properties of organic compounds
Chapter 10: Unit 7. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 10
MODULE 11: HYDROCARBONS
18 Topics | 11 Quizzes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 1. Definition: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 2. Structures and Nomenclature: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 2
CHAPTER 11: Unit 3. Shapes & Isomerism: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 3
CHAPTER 11: Unit 4. Natural Resources: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 5. Physical properties: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 5
CHAPTER 11: Unit 6. Chemical Reactions: Alkanes & Cycloalkanes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 6
CHAPTER 11: Unit 7. Haloalkanes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 8. Definition: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 8
CHAPTER 11: Unit 9. Nomenclature & Isomerism: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 9
CHAPTER 11: Unit 10. Shapes & Isomerism: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 10
CHAPTER 11: Unit 11. Physical properties: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 11
CHAPTER 11: Unit 12. Preparation of Alkene and Alkynes
CHAPTER 11: Unit 13. Chemical Reactions: Alkenes and Alkynes
Practice Quiz: Module 11 Unit 13
CHAPTER 11: Unit 14. Definition: Aromatic Compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 15. Structures & Nomenclature: Aromatic compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 16. Chemical Reactions: Aromatic Compounds
CHAPTER 11: Unit 17. Applications
Practice Quiz: Module 11: Unit 17
Chapter 11: Unit 18. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 11
MODULE 12: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, THIOLS
7 Topics | 7 Quizzes
CHAPTER 12: Unit 1. Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 1
CHAPTER 12: Unit 2. Structures and shapes
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 2
CHAPTER 12: Unit 3. Nomenclature
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 3
CHAPTER 12: Unit 4. Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 4
CHAPTER 12: Unit 5. Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 5
CHAPTER 12: Unit 6. Commonly used Alcohols & Ethers
Practice Quiz: Module 12 Unit 6
Module 12: Unit 7 Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 12
MODULE 13: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
7 Topics | 6 Quizzes
CHAPTER 13: Unit 1. Definition: Functional group of aldehydes and ketones
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 1
CHAPTER 13: Unit 2. Nomenclature
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 2
CHAPTER 13: Unit 3. Structures and isomerism
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 3
CHAPTER 13: Unit 4. Physical properties
CHAPTER 13: Unit 5. Preparation of Aldehyde & Ketone
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 5
CHAPTER 13: Unit 6. Chemical reactions of Aldehyde & Ketone
Practice Quiz: Module 13 Unit 6
CHAPTER 13: Unit 7. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 13
MODULE 14: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & ESTERS
9 Topics | 1 Quiz
CHAPTER 14: Unit 1. Definition
CHAPTER 14: Unit 2. Nomenclature and Classification
CHAPTER 14: Unit 3. Preparation of carboxylic Acids
CHAPTER 14: Unit 4. Physical Properties of carboxylic Acids
CHAPTER 14: Unit 5. Chemical reactions
CHAPTER 14: Unit 6. Nomenclature of Esters
CHAPTER 14: Unit 7.Chemical Reactions of esters
CHAPTER 14: Unit 8.Acid chlorides and Acid anhydrides
CHAPTER 14: Unit 9. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 14
MODULE 15: CHIRALITY & CHIRAL MOLECULES
6 Topics | 1 Quiz
CHAPTER 15: Unit 1. Chirality: Structures & Nomenclature
CHAPTER 15: Unit 2. Chirality: History and development of Stereoisomerism
CHAPTER 15: Unit 3. Different types of Stereoisomers
CHAPTER 15: Unit 4. Physical Property: Detection and optical property
CHAPTER 15: Unit 5. Application: Significance of Chirality in the biological world
CHAPTER 15. Unit 6. Summary
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 15
MODULE 16: CARBOHYDRATES
9 Topics | 6 Quizzes
CHAPTER 16: Unit 1. Carbohydrates Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 1
Module 16: Unit 2. Carbohydrates Types and Naming
CHAPTER 16: Unit 3.Carbohydrates Physical Properties
CHAPTER 16: Unit 4. Carbohydrates as Chiral Molecules
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 4
CHAPTER 16: Unit 5. Fischer Projection of Monosaccharides
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 5
CHAPTER 16: Unit 6. Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 6
Module 16: Unit 7: Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
CHAPTER 16: Unit 8. Carbohydrates in Our Food
Practice Quiz: Module 16 Unit 8
CHAPTER 16: Unit 9. Carbohydrates Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 16
MODULE 17: LIPIDS
7 Topics | 2 Quizzes
CHAPTER 17: Unit 1.Lipids Definition and Function
CHAPTER 17: Unit 2. Lipids Types
Practice Quiz: Module 17 Unit 2
CHAPTER 17: Unit 3. Essentials Fatty Acids
CHAPTER 17: Unit 4. Lipids Physical Properties
CHAPTER 17: Unit 5. Chemical Reactions of Lipids (Triglycerides)
CHAPTER 17: Unit 6. Lipids Role in Health and Food
CHAPTER 17: Unit 7. Lipids Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 17
MODULE 18: AMINES & AMIDES
7 Topics | 5 Quizzes
CHAPTER 18: Unit 1. Amines and Amides Definition
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 1
CHAPTER 18: Unit 2. Amines and Amides Types and Naming
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 2
CHAPTER 18: Unit 3. Amines and Amides Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 3
CHAPTER 18: Unit 4. Amines and Amides Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 18 Unit 4
CHAPTER 18: Unit 5. Amines in Plants: Alkaloids
CHAPTER 18: Unit 6. Amines in Humans: Neurotransmitters
CHAPTER 18: Unit 7. Amines Applications
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 18
MODULE 19: AMINO ACIDS & PROTEINS
9 Topics | 8 Quizzes
CHAPTER 19: Unit 1. Amino Acids and Proteins Definition, Types and Functions
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 1
CHAPTER 19: Unit 2. Types of Proteins: Primary Structure
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 2
CHAPTER 19: Unit 3. Types of Proteins: Secondary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 3
CHAPTER 19: Unit 4. Types of Proteins: Tertiary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 4
CHAPTER 19: Unit 5. Types of Proteins: Quaternary Structures
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 5
CHAPTER 19: Unit 6 . Amino Acids Physical Properties
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 6
CHAPTER 19: Unit 7. Amino Acids and Proteins Chemical Reactions
Practice Quiz: Module 19 Unit 7
CHAPTER 19: Unit 8. Amino Acids and Proteins Denaturation
CHAPTER 19: Unit 9. Amino Acids and Proteins Simulations
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 19
MODULE 20: ENZYMES & VITAMINS
9 Topics
CHAPTER 20: Unit 1. Enzymes and Vitamins Definition
CHAPTER 20: Unit 2. Active Sites at the Enzymes
CHAPTER 20: Unit 3. Enzyme – Catalyzed Reactions
CHAPTER 20: Unit 4. Enzyme Actions Models
CHAPTER 20: Unit 5. Classification of Enzymes
CHAPTER 20: Unit 6. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
CHAPTER 20: Unit 7. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
CHAPTER 20: Unit 8. Enzyme Inhibition
CHAPTER 20: Unit 9. Enzyme and Cofactors and Vitamins
MODULE 21: NUCELIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
8 Topics
CHAPTER 21: Unit 1. NUCLEIC ACID: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 21: Unit 2. Composition of Nucleic Acids
CHAPTER 21: Unit 3. THE STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA
CHAPTER 21: Unit 5. Genes
CHAPTER 21: Unit 6. DNA Replication
CHAPTER 21: Unit 7. Structure and Function of RNA
CHAPTER 21: Unit 8. DNA Leads to RNA and Protein
CHAPTER 21: Unit 9. Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
MODULE 22: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR CARBOHYDRATES
9 Topics
CHAPTER 22: Unit 1. Metabolic Pathways Introduction
CHAPTER 22: Unit 2. Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
CHAPTER 22: Unit 3. Carbohydrate Metabolism
CHAPTER 22: Unit 4. Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
CHAPTER 22: Unit 5. Pathways for Pyruvate
CHAPTER 22: Unit 6. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
CHAPTER 22: Unit 7. Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
CHAPTER 22: Unit 8. Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
CHAPTER 22: Unit 9. A Human Perspective: Glycogen Storage Diseases-3
MODULE 23: METABOLISM & ENERGY PRODUCTION
5 Topics
CHAPTER 23: Unit 1. The Citric Acid Cycle
CHAPTER 23: Unit 2. Electron Transport and ATP
CHAPTER 23: Unit 3. ATP Energy from Glucose
CHAPTER 23: Unit 4. Co-enzymes in Metabolism
CHAPTER 23: Unit 5. Focus on Health and Medicine: Hydrogen cyanide
MODULE 24: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR LIPIDS & AMINO ACIDS
16 Topics | 1 Quiz
Module 24: Unit 1. Triacylglycerols (Fats) Digestion
CHAPTER 24: Unit 2. Glycerol Metabolism
Module 24: Unit 3. Fatty Acids Oxidation
Module 24: Unit 4. Fatty Acids Oxidation
Module 24: Unit 6. Beta (β) Oxidation Reactions Cycle
Module 24: Unit 7. Fatty Acid Chain Length Determines Cycle Redundancy
Module 24: Unit 8. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Oxidation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 9. Fatty Acids and ATP Oxidation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 10. Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
CHAPTER 24: Unit 5. Transport of Fatty Acids Acyl CoA into Mitochondria
CHAPTER 24: Unit 11. Fatty Acids Synthesis
CHAPTER 24: Unit 12. Fatty Acids Synthesis Cycle Redundancy
CHAPTER 24: Unit 13. Amino Acids and Proteins Degradation
CHAPTER 24: Unit 14. Urea Cycle
CHAPTER 24: Unit 15. Carbon Atoms Skeleton from Amino Acids Transamination
CHAPTER 24: Unit 16. Pathways of Amino Acids Synthesis
Comprehensive Quiz: Module 24
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CHAPTER 24: Unit 12. Fatty Acids Synthesis Cycle Redundancy

CHEM 1152 MODULE 24: METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR LIPIDS & AMINO ACIDS CHAPTER 24: Unit 12. Fatty Acids Synthesis Cycle Redundancy
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Fatty acids synthesis Cycle repeat can undergo 4 reactions steps:      1. Condensation:Acetate (2C) and malonate (3C), are combined to produce acetyl-ACP and malonyl-ACPThe non-ACP-bound carboxyl group of malonate as CO2 is releasedβ-acetoacetyl-ACP (4C) is produced2. Reduction:β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP (4C) is produced with the oxidation of NADPH2 to NADP+3. Dehydration:Crotonyl-ACP (4C) reaction produces the release water4. Reduction:Butyrl-ACP is produced with the oxidation of NADPH2 to NADP+5. Repeat:Butyrl-ACP then enters into reaction 1 in the place of malonyl-ACP, undergoing the addition of another two carbons from acetate.The overall reaction uses 8 acetyl CoA, 14 NADPH, 14 H+ and 1 malonyl CoA to produce a 16-carbon palmitic acid.

The video illustrates the fatty acids synthesis cycle repeat:

The figure below shows the fatty acids synthesis cycle repeat.
Reference: https://www.biochemden.com/biosynthesis-saturated-fatty-acids-notes/
Important Notes Regarding the Fatty Acids Synthesis:Shorter fatty acids chains are released before the long fatty acids chains (with more than 16 carbon atoms) in the fatty acids synthesis process. The longer fatty acids are released with enzymes that add 2 carbon atoms of acetyl units to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid chains.Fatty acids synthesis is carried out in the adipose tissues where triacylglycerols are stored for future need. Insulin helps the formation of fatty acids. Insulin moves glucose into the cell when blood glucose is very high. Furthermore, insulin helps the glycolysis process and the oxidation of pyruvate and acetyl CoA needed for the fatty acids synthesis.β oxidation takes out 2 carbon acetyl units from long carbon chains. The fatty acids synthesis combines the 2 carbon acetyl units to make long carbon chains.
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